Crime, Law and Justice in New Zealand by Greg Newbold

Author:Greg Newbold [Newbold, Greg]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781138192409
Barnesnoble:
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Published: 2016-06-02T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1

NZ Herald, 13 December 1989.

2

Braybrook and O’Neill, 1988: 418; Harpham, 2012: 8.

3

Harpham, 2012: 8.

4

See Dennehy and Newbold, 2001; Gilbert, 2013.

5

Newbold, 1989b.

6

Newbold, 2007.

7

Schumacher, 1971.

8

Select Committee on Violent Offending, 1978.

9

Department of Justice, 1986: 73–80.

10

Stephens was eventually granted parole in August 1992 but was recalled for breaching his conditions. He was finally released on remission in February 1993.

11

Newbold, 2007: 101.

12

Middleton was sentenced to nine months’ imprisonment, suspended for two years.

13

Newbold, 2007: 126–127.

14

Newbold, 2007: 128.

15

Schmalleger, 2001: 457–461.

16

Austin and Irwin, 2001.

17

Pratt, 2007.

18

Newbold, 2012.

19

The law was modified in 2012 to limit third strike offences to serious felonies only. For a more detailed breakdown of California’s three strikes law, see Oleson, 2015.

20

Oleson, 2015.

21

Garrett, 1999. Capital punishment for murder had been abolished in New Zealand in 1961.

22

Garrett was forced to resign from parliament in September 2010 following discovery that he had undisclosed convictions for assault in Tonga in 2002 and for passport fraud in 2005. In the latter matter he had misled the court by swearing an affidavit that he had no previous convictions.

23

See Newbold, 2012.

24

Oleson, 2015.

25

Statistics New Zealand, 1988: 144.

26

Russell, 1996: 152.

27

NZ Herald, 27 December 1988. See also Duncan and Bollard, 1992; Roper, 2005; Russell, 1996.

28

Press, 17 March 1988.

29

National Business Review, 25 May 1990; Income Distribution Group, 1990.

30

New Zealand Police, 2010a.

31

Ministry of Justice, 2010b: 69.

32

Bradbury, 1984: 65.

33

Department of Corrections, 2007.

34

Ministry of Health, 2013; Newbold, 2000: 190.

35

Department of Statistics, 1990.

36

The New Zealand Initiative, 2014.

37

See Newbold, 1989a.

38

Dominion, 16 October 1993.

39

Sunday Star Times, 21 June 2015.

40

Sunday Star Times, 21 June 2015.

41

The other case was Alan Wayne Lory in 1996, discussed below.

42

In an interesting sequel, in 2008 Janine Albury-Thomson was imprisoned for a year and four months for attempting to burn down St Marks Methodist Church in Feilding, when she was drunk.

43

Elliott and O’Brien, 2011.

44

For a discussion of the implications of the law change see Gale, 2010.

45

La Free, Curtis and McDowall, 2015.

46

Miller, 1994.

47

Kleck, 1997.

48

O’Brien, 2000.

49

See O’Brien, 2000.

50

For an excellent analysis of the characteristics of mass murderers see O’Brien, 2000.

51

See O’Brien, 1991.

52

See Burton, 1983.

53

See Willis, 1981.

54

See Newbold, 1997a; 1998; 1999.

55

Young, 1998. The woman hanged was Minnie Dean, executed for killing a baby in 1895.

56

Newbold, 2007.

57

For a fuller discussion see Newbold, 2007.

58

It was Jon Sadaraka who, with Daniel Huntwell McMillan, started the famous Mt Eden Prison riot in July 1965, following a failed escape attempt.

59

See Yallop, 1978.

60

See Haig and Gould, 2008.

61

I have excluded the Bain case from these examples since, although he was acquitted in 2009, his innocence is by no means clear.

62

Fergusson, 1998; Fergusson and Lynskey, 1997; Malinosky-Rummell and Hansen, 1993; Pallone and Hennessey, 1998.

63

Ayers-Counts, 1990; Fergusson, Horwood and Lynskey, 1997; Straus, Gelles and Steinmetz, 1980.

64

Braybrook and O’Neill, 1998; Carrion and Steiner, 2000; McLaren, 1992.

65

NZ Women’s Refuge website: https//womensrefuge.org.nz.

66

Family Violence Death Review Committee, 2014: 35.

67

Craig et al., 2012; Press, 21 November 2015.

68

Moffitt et al, 2001: 61.

69

Moffitt et al., 2001.

70

Moffitt et al., 2001: 66.

71

Connolly and Doolan, 2007.

72

Maori Reference Group, 2014: 5.

73

Cunningham, Triggs and Faisandier, 2007: 14–15.

74

Maori Reference Group, 2014: 47.

75

Marie, Fergusson and Boden, 2008

76

Press, 21 November 2015, C.5.

77

Connolly and Doolan, 2007: 44.

78

Maori Reference Group, 2014: 46–48.

79

Family Violence Death Review Committee, 2014: 17.

80

See Ayers-Counts, 1990; Newbold, 2000: 120–126.

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